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By Joe Hogan - March/April 2004
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The 'Alternative phonemes' column suggests related or possible
alternative phonemes. These might be a useful place to start when
changing the pronunciation of words slightly.
Also please note that the italic phonemes are 'voiced/unvoiced
equivalents'. For example t and d are pronounced the same except
d is voiced and t is unvoiced. This is what happens when a singer
sings 'liddle' instead of 'little'. The voiced one tends to sound
softer and the unvoiced sounds harsher or harder.
For definitions of some of the terminolgies (eg. schwa,
diphthong etc.) please click them to view the key
(Print
Friendly Key).
please note: This phoneme chart is only applicable to English
Vocaloid Products. And the example words all assume a neutral english
(British) accent.
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Type
|
Comment
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Example Words
|
Alternative phonemes |
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Vowels and Diphthongs
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@
|
Vowel |
Schwa |
aware, synthesis,
harmony, the |
V, @r, Q@ |
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V
|
Vowel |
|
unclean, cut,
duck |
@, Q@ |
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e
|
Vowel |
|
egg, them |
e@ |
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I
|
Vowel |
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it, synthesis |
i:, I@ |
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i:
|
Vowel |
|
eat, beef, harmony |
I, I@ |
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{
|
Vowel |
|
axe, trap |
aU |
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O:
|
Vowel |
|
ought, ball |
O@, U@, Q |
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Q
|
Vowel |
|
off, lot, |
O:, OI |
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U
|
Vowel |
|
put, look |
U@ |
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u:
|
Vowel |
|
boot, view |
U@ |
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@r
|
Diphthong |
(r-coloured) |
urge, bird, maker |
@, V |
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eI
|
Diphthong |
(j-coloured) |
age, date, pay |
e |
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aI
|
Diphthong |
(j-coloured) |
eye, died, buy |
@, V |
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OI
|
Diphthong |
(j-coloured) |
oil, choice, boy |
Q, O:, O@ |
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@U
|
Diphthong |
(w-coloured) |
oat, soak, show |
@ |
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aU
|
Diphthong |
(w-coloured) |
out, loud, cow |
{ |
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I@
|
Diphthong |
|
ear, cheered,
beer |
I, i: |
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e@
|
Diphthong |
|
air, shared, bare,
aware |
e |
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U@
|
Diphthong |
'ure' or 'oo-er' |
surely, poor,
pure, you're |
U, O:, O@, u: |
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O@
|
Diphthong |
|
or, sort, pour |
O:, Q |
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Q@
|
Diphthong |
(r-coloured) |
are, harmony,
star |
@, V |
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Un-Voiced Consonants
|
|
p
|
Plossive |
|
spit, top |
ph |
b |
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t
|
Plossive |
|
stuck, pit |
th |
d |
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k
|
Plossive |
|
sky, rock |
kh |
g |
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tS
|
Affricate |
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chat, thatcher,
touch |
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dZ |
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f
|
Fricative |
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feel, offer,
beef |
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v |
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T
|
Fricative |
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think, synthesis,
bath |
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D |
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s
|
Fricative |
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synthesis |
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z |
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S
|
Fricative |
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share, washer,
ash |
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Z |
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h
|
Fricative |
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hat, harmony,
|
|
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ph
|
Plossive |
Aspiration |
pat |
p |
bh |
|
th
|
Plossive |
Aspiration |
tap |
t |
dh |
|
kh
|
Plossive |
Aspiration |
kiss |
k |
gh |
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Voiced Consonants
|
|
w
|
Glide |
|
way, aware |
|
|
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j
|
Glide |
|
yell, huge, pure |
|
|
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b
|
Plossive |
|
rob, cabinet |
bh |
p |
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d
|
Plossive |
|
bad, radar |
dh |
t |
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dZ
|
Affricate |
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jeans, reject,
page |
|
tS |
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v
|
Fricative |
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vote, liver, save |
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f |
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D
|
Fricative |
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their, the, other |
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T |
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z
|
Fricative |
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zoom, resort,
boys |
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s |
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Z
|
Fricative |
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Asia, rouge, beige |
|
S |
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m
|
Nasal |
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mind, harmony,
dim |
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n
|
Nasal |
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night, synthesis,
harmony, man |
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N
|
Nasal |
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hunger, sting |
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r
|
Liquid |
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rancid, arrow |
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l
|
Liquid |
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fly, feel |
l0 |
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g
|
Plossive |
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jogging, bag |
gh |
k |
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bh
|
Plossive |
Aspiration |
big |
b |
ph |
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dh
|
Plossive |
Aspiration |
dog |
d |
th |
|
gh
|
Plossive |
Aspiration |
god |
g |
kh |
|
l0
|
Liquid |
Aspiration
type l - 0 (number not letter) |
list |
l |
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This article is copyright © 2004 Joe Hogan
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